As of January 1, 2020 this library no longer supports Python 2 on the latest released version. Library versions released prior to that date will continue to be available. For more information please visit Python 2 support on Google Cloud.

Retry

Helpers for retrying functions with exponential back-off.

The Retry decorator can be used to retry functions that raise exceptions using exponential backoff. Because a exponential sleep algorithm is used, the retry is limited by a deadline. The deadline is the maxmimum amount of time a method can block. This is used instead of total number of retries because it is difficult to ascertain the amount of time a function can block when using total number of retries and exponential backoff.

By default, this decorator will retry transient API errors (see if_transient_error()). For example:

@retry.Retry()
def call_flaky_rpc():
    return client.flaky_rpc()

# Will retry flaky_rpc() if it raises transient API errors.
result = call_flaky_rpc()

You can pass a custom predicate to retry on different exceptions, such as waiting for an eventually consistent item to be available:

@retry.Retry(predicate=if_exception_type(exceptions.NotFound))
def check_if_exists():
    return client.does_thing_exist()

is_available = check_if_exists()

Some client library methods apply retry automatically. These methods can accept a retry parameter that allows you to configure the behavior:

my_retry = retry.Retry(deadline=60)
result = client.some_method(retry=my_retry)
class google.api_core.retry.Retry(predicate=<function if_exception_type.<locals>.if_exception_type_predicate>, initial=1.0, maximum=60.0, multiplier=2.0, timeout=120.0, on_error=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: object

Exponential retry decorator.

This class is a decorator used to add retry or polling behavior to an RPC call.

Although the default behavior is to retry transient API errors, a different predicate can be provided to retry other exceptions.

There two important concepts that retry/polling behavior may operate on, Deadline and Timeout, which need to be properly defined for the correct usage of this class and the rest of the library.

Deadline: a fixed point in time by which a certain operation must terminate. For example, if a certain operation has a deadline “2022-10-18T23:30:52.123Z” it must terminate (successfully or with an error) by that time, regardless of when it was started or whether it was started at all.

Timeout: the maximum duration of time after which a certain operation must terminate (successfully or with an error). The countdown begins right after an operation was started. For example, if an operation was started at 09:24:00 with timeout of 75 seconds, it must terminate no later than 09:25:15.

Unfortunately, in the past this class (and the api-core library as a whole) has not been properly distinguishing the concepts of “timeout” and “deadline”, and the deadline parameter has meant timeout. That is why deadline has been deprecated and timeout should be used instead. If the deadline parameter is set, it will override the timeout parameter. In other words, retry.deadline should be treated as just a deprecated alias for retry.timeout.

Said another way, it is safe to assume that this class and the rest of this library operate in terms of timeouts (not deadlines) unless explicitly noted the usage of deadline semantics.

It is also important to understand the three most common applications of the Timeout concept in the context of this library.

Usually the generic Timeout term may stand for one of the following actual timeouts: RPC Timeout, Retry Timeout, or Polling Timeout.

RPC Timeout: a value supplied by the client to the server so that the server side knows the maximum amount of time it is expected to spend handling that specifc RPC. For example, in the case of gRPC transport, RPC Timeout is represented by setting “grpc-timeout” header in the HTTP2 request. The timeout property of this class normally never represents the RPC Timeout as it is handled separately by the google.api_core.timeout module of this library.

Retry Timeout: this is the most common meaning of the timeout property of this class, and defines how long a certain RPC may be retried in case the server returns an error.

Polling Timeout: defines how long the client side is allowed to call the polling RPC repeatedly to check a status of a long-running operation. Each polling RPC is expected to succeed (its errors are supposed to be handled by the retry logic). The decision as to whether a new polling attempt needs to be made is based not on the RPC status code but on the status of the returned status of an operation. In other words: we will poll a long-running operation until the operation is done or the polling timeout expires. Each poll will inform us of the status of the operation. The poll consists of an RPC to the server that may itself be retried as per the poll-specific retry settings in case of errors. The operation-level retry settings do NOT apply to polling-RPC retries.

With the actual timeout types being defined above, the client libraries often refer to just Timeout without clarifying which type specifically that is. In that case the actual timeout type (sometimes also refered to as Logical Timeout) can be determined from the context. If it is a unary rpc call (i.e. a regular one) Timeout usually stands for the RPC Timeout (if provided directly as a standalone value) or Retry Timeout (if provided as retry.timeout property of the unary RPC’s retry config). For Operation or PollingFuture in general Timeout stands for Polling Timeout.

Parameters

  • predicate (Callable[Exception]) – A callable that should return True if the given exception is retryable.

  • initial (float) – The minimum amount of time to delay in seconds. This must be greater than 0.

  • maximum (float) – The maximum amount of time to delay in seconds.

  • multiplier (float) – The multiplier applied to the delay.

  • timeout (float) – How long to keep retrying, in seconds.

  • deadline (float) – DEPRECATED: use timeout instead. For backward compatibility, if specified it will override the timeout parameter.

__call__(func, on_error=None)[source]

Wrap a callable with retry behavior.

Parameters

  • func (Callable) – The callable to add retry behavior to.

  • on_error (Callable[Exception]) – A function to call while processing a retryable exception. Any error raised by this function will not be caught.

Returns

A callable that will invoke func with retry

behavior.

Return type

Callable

property deadline

use timeout instead. Refer to the Retry class documentation for details.

Type

DEPRECATED

with_deadline(deadline)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given timeout.

DEPRECATED: use with_timeout() instead. Refer to the Retry class documentation for details.

Parameters

deadline (float) – How long to keep retrying in seconds.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given timeout.

Return type

Retry

with_delay(initial=None, maximum=None, multiplier=None)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given delay options.

Parameters

  • initial (float) – The minimum amount of time to delay. This must be greater than 0.

  • maximum (float) – The maximum amount of time to delay.

  • multiplier (float) – The multiplier applied to the delay.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given predicate.

Return type

Retry

with_predicate(predicate)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given predicate.

Parameters

predicate (Callable[Exception]) – A callable that should return True if the given exception is retryable.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given predicate.

Return type

Retry

with_timeout(timeout)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given timeout.

Parameters

timeout (float) – How long to keep retrying, in seconds.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given timeout.

Return type

Retry

google.api_core.retry.exponential_sleep_generator(initial, maximum, multiplier=2.0)[source]

Generates sleep intervals based on the exponential back-off algorithm.

This implements the Truncated Exponential Back-off algorithm.

Parameters

  • initial (float) – The minimum amount of time to delay. This must be greater than 0.

  • maximum (float) – The maximum amount of time to delay.

  • multiplier (float) – The multiplier applied to the delay.

Yields

float – successive sleep intervals.

google.api_core.retry.if_exception_type(*exception_types)[source]

Creates a predicate to check if the exception is of a given type.

Parameters

exception_types (Sequence[type()]) – The exception types to check for.

Returns

A predicate that returns True if the provided

exception is of the given type(s).

Return type

Callable[Exception]

google.api_core.retry.if_transient_error(exception)

A predicate that checks if an exception is a transient API error.

The following server errors are considered transient:

google.api_core.retry.retry_target(target, predicate, sleep_generator, timeout=None, on_error=None, **kwargs)[source]

Call a function and retry if it fails.

This is the lowest-level retry helper. Generally, you’ll use the higher-level retry helper Retry.

Parameters

  • target (Callable) – The function to call and retry. This must be a nullary function - apply arguments with functools.partial.

  • predicate (Callable[Exception]) – A callable used to determine if an exception raised by the target should be considered retryable. It should return True to retry or False otherwise.

  • sleep_generator (Iterable[float]) – An infinite iterator that determines how long to sleep between retries.

  • timeout (float) – How long to keep retrying the target.

  • on_error (Callable[Exception]) – A function to call while processing a retryable exception. Any error raised by this function will not be caught.

  • deadline (float) – DEPRECATED: use timeout instead. For backward compatibility, if specified it will override timeout parameter.

Returns

the return value of the target function.

Return type

Any

Raises

  • google.api_core.RetryError – If the deadline is exceeded while retrying.

  • ValueError – If the sleep generator stops yielding values.

  • Exception – If the target raises a method that isn’t retryable.

Retry in AsyncIO

Helpers for retrying coroutine functions with exponential back-off.

The AsyncRetry decorator shares most functionality and behavior with Retry, but supports coroutine functions. Please refer to description of Retry for more details.

By default, this decorator will retry transient API errors (see if_transient_error()). For example:

@retry_async.AsyncRetry()
async def call_flaky_rpc():
    return await client.flaky_rpc()

# Will retry flaky_rpc() if it raises transient API errors.
result = await call_flaky_rpc()

You can pass a custom predicate to retry on different exceptions, such as waiting for an eventually consistent item to be available:

@retry_async.AsyncRetry(predicate=retry_async.if_exception_type(exceptions.NotFound))
async def check_if_exists():
    return await client.does_thing_exist()

is_available = await check_if_exists()

Some client library methods apply retry automatically. These methods can accept a retry parameter that allows you to configure the behavior:

my_retry = retry_async.AsyncRetry(deadline=60)
result = await client.some_method(retry=my_retry)
class google.api_core.retry_async.AsyncRetry(predicate=<function if_exception_type.<locals>.if_exception_type_predicate>, initial=1.0, maximum=60.0, multiplier=2.0, timeout=120.0, on_error=None, **kwargs)[source]

Bases: object

Exponential retry decorator for async functions.

This class is a decorator used to add exponential back-off retry behavior to an RPC call.

Although the default behavior is to retry transient API errors, a different predicate can be provided to retry other exceptions.

Parameters

  • predicate (Callable[Exception]) – A callable that should return True if the given exception is retryable.

  • initial (float) – The minimum a,out of time to delay in seconds. This must be greater than 0.

  • maximum (float) – The maximum amout of time to delay in seconds.

  • multiplier (float) – The multiplier applied to the delay.

  • timeout (float) – How long to keep retrying in seconds.

  • on_error (Callable[Exception]) – A function to call while processing a retryable exception. Any error raised by this function will not be caught.

  • deadline (float) – DEPRECATED use timeout instead. If set it will

  • parameter. (override timeout) –

__call__(func, on_error=None)[source]

Wrap a callable with retry behavior.

Parameters

  • func (Callable) – The callable to add retry behavior to.

  • on_error (Callable[Exception]) – A function to call while processing a retryable exception. Any error raised by this function will not be caught.

Returns

A callable that will invoke func with retry

behavior.

Return type

Callable

with_deadline(deadline)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given deadline. DEPRECATED: use with_timeout() instead.

Parameters

deadline (float) – How long to keep retrying.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given deadline.

Return type

AsyncRetry

with_delay(initial=None, maximum=None, multiplier=None)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given delay options.

Parameters

  • initial (float) – The minimum amout of time to delay. This must be greater than 0.

  • maximum (float) – The maximum amout of time to delay.

  • multiplier (float) – The multiplier applied to the delay.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given predicate.

Return type

AsyncRetry

with_predicate(predicate)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given predicate.

Parameters

predicate (Callable[Exception]) – A callable that should return True if the given exception is retryable.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given predicate.

Return type

AsyncRetry

with_timeout(timeout)[source]

Return a copy of this retry with the given timeout.

Parameters

timeout (float) – How long to keep retrying, in seconds.

Returns

A new retry instance with the given timeout.

Return type

AsyncRetry

async google.api_core.retry_async.retry_target(target, predicate, sleep_generator, timeout=None, on_error=None, **kwargs)[source]

Call a function and retry if it fails.

This is the lowest-level retry helper. Generally, you’ll use the higher-level retry helper Retry.

Parameters

  • target (Callable) – The function to call and retry. This must be a nullary function - apply arguments with functools.partial.

  • predicate (Callable[Exception]) – A callable used to determine if an exception raised by the target should be considered retryable. It should return True to retry or False otherwise.

  • sleep_generator (Iterable[float]) – An infinite iterator that determines how long to sleep between retries.

  • timeout (float) – How long to keep retrying the target, in seconds.

  • on_error (Callable[Exception]) – A function to call while processing a retryable exception. Any error raised by this function will not be caught.

  • deadline (float) – DEPRECATED use timeout instead. For backward

  • compatibility –

  • parameter. (if set it will override the timeout) –

Returns

the return value of the target function.

Return type

Any

Raises

  • google.api_core.RetryError – If the deadline is exceeded while retrying.

  • ValueError – If the sleep generator stops yielding values.

  • Exception – If the target raises a method that isn’t retryable.